McCormick
Chapter 1:
Americas Traditions in Foreign Policy
Notes
by Rhett
Williams, spring 2015
rational
actor
model-
the
assumption that nations are self interested and seek to maximize their
payoffs
when making foreign policy decisions
organizational
process
model-
focuses more on identifying the decision making routines of policy
makers. It sees foreign policy behavior less as the result of clear
choices and more as a function of organizations following standing
operating
procedures
bureaucratic
politics
model-
pays
some attention to values and beliefs. Still, the primary explanatory
focus here is on the competition among bureaucracies based on their
relative
power and influence
The
United
States: A new Democratic State
A
Free Society
US
was
founded on values different from the rest of the world
Thomas
Jefferson
on the new American state the solidarity republic of the world, the
only monument of human rights
the sole depository of the sacred fire of
freedom and self-government, from hence it is to be lighted up in other
regions
of the earth, if other regions shall ever become susceptible to its benign
influence
deeply
ideological,
American exceptionalism
A
Free Society
conceived
in
liberty and equality
the
American
Revolution was fought in defiance of the very principles by
which Europe was governed
John
Locke
urged social liberalism
Equality
Before
the Law
concern
for
individual, and personal freedoms
equality
for
all was viewed not as equality of outcomes but as equality of opportunity
De
Tocqueville
expressed amazement at the countrys social democracy
The
Importance
of Domestic Values
American
leaders
didnt see foreign policy as having primacy over domestic policy
nor
did
they view foreign policy values and domestic policy values as distinct
from
one another with moral value guiding both
isolationism
was
fueled by moral principle
The
Role
of Isolationism in American Foreign Policy
historically
isolationism
best describes American foreign policy
philosophical
and
practical issues led to isolation is direction of US foreign policy
geographic
separation
from other nations
weak
army
limited
domestic
unity
settling
and
modernizing the new country was a primary focus
2
Statements on Isolationism
Washingtons
Farewell
Address (1796)
emphasized
good
faith and justice in international relationships
cautioned
against
forming close ties with other states
rule
of
conduct to limit political connection
The
Monroe
Doctrine (1823)
set
forth
guidelines for US involvement in International affairs
called
to
end European colonization of Latin America
2
spheres
concept in foreign policy
Isolationist
Tradition
in the 19th Century
no
alliances
made in 19th century
political
agreements
forged to facilitate trade relations with an emphasis on economies
Demonstrates
commitment
to principles set forth by Washington and Monroe Doctrines
Clayton
Bulwer
Treaty
neither
Britain
or the US would attempt exclusive control of Canal over the Isthmus at
Panama
or
colonize
or exercise dominion over central American countries
Other
Views:
US no wholly isolationist
US
secured
Louisiana purchase, annexed FL and incorporated TX
Early
presidents
experienced in foreign policy
Hans
Morgenthau:
national interest politics shaped US actions abroad
US
foreign
policy realistic as leaders acted in terms of power
McKinleys
presidency
start of utopianism
Renewed
isolationist
tradition in the early 20th century
policy
of
non involvement guided US interactions with Europe
moral
principle
justified intervention
involvement
in
WWI
Social,
Economic,
and Political actions
national
origins
act of 1924
restricted
immigration
form parts of Europe and prohibited Asian immigration
enacted
in
response to fear of communism
Smoot-Hawley
tariff
of 1930
high
tariff
on foreign products sold in US
isolate
US
from global economic influence
Post
WWI
League
of
Nations
US
returned
to isolationist foreign policy
refuse
to
join LON
failed
to
recognize soviet union
attempted
to
outlaw international war via Kellogg-Briand Pact in 1928
Latin
Involvement
in 20th Century (Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
expanded
US
involvement in the Western Hemisphere
doctrine
initially
established to prevent intervention from abroad now used to justify
US intervention closer to home
Monroe-Doctrine
in
the present era
Coup
to
overthrow guzman in Guatemala
fear
of
communism
Cuban
Missile
Crisis
american
blockade
against Cuba after discovering soviet missiles
Iran-Contra
Affair
(1984)
fear
of
soviet involvement led to covert operation to support
counterrevolutionary force
Panama
fears
of
the impact of Noriega regime on American interests
Haiti
proximity
of
Haiti to US justified decision
Venezuela
increasingly
close
ties with Cuba
Anti-American
rhetoric
Moral
Principle
and the Balance of Power
balance
of
power concept is predicated on several key assumptions
all
states
want to prevent large scale war and keep existence of major states in
the international system
all
states
are fundamentally motivated in their foreign policy by power
considerations and national interests
states
are
willing to join alliances to prevent dominance of other states
there
are
few domestic political constraints preventing states from acting in the
political arena
McCormick
Chapter 2:
Americas Global Involvement and the Emergence of the Cold War
Notes
by Rhett
Williams,
spring 2015
the
US
plunged into global affairs with WWII
3
sets of factors that propelled the US into the directions of global power:
the
global
political and economic conditions of 1945-1947
the
decision
of leading political figures within the US to abandon isolationism
after WWII
the
rise
of an ideological challenge from the Soviet Union
The
Postwar
World and American Involvement
The
Global
Vacuum: A challenge to American Isolationism
the
land,
cities, and economies of most European nations had been devastated
Germany,
Italy,
Britain were all trashed
The
US
was healthy and prosperous, economy was booming
the
military
was strong, and occupied much of Europe
American
Leadership
and Global Involvement
leaders
changed
their worldview
Roosevelt
had
decided that continued American involvement in global affairs was
necessary
after WWII
Roosevelts
plan
(post WWI)
defeat
and
disarm adversaries
prevent
future
global economic depressions
establish
a
global collective security organization
allies
must
remain in peace to maintain global order
The
Rise
of the Soviet Challenge
biggest
factor
that propelled Americas international involvement
Trumans
plan
wasnt as in depth as Roosevelts foreign policy endeavors, but it was
clear that American involvement in the world was pivotal
Stalin
attacked
capitalism stating it would only lead to wars, and communism was
superior
Churchills
Response
Iron
Curtain
Speech (1946)
called
for
a relationship between US and Britain and other capitalist states, in
order
to directly attack Stalin
Kennans
Perception
from Moscow
George
Kennan
was an American diplomat in Moscow and wrote the long telegram
argues
that
Stalin is a formidable rival in International politics
and
the
new policy should be to contain this movement
brings
the
rise to the Cold war
Americas
Globalism:
The Truman Doctrine and Beyond
Greece
and
Turkey were under soviet pressure in 1946, and we decided to grant aid
Truman
Doctrine
set
out
the conditions in Greece and Turkey that necessitated this assistance
identified
the
global struggle that the US faced
help
free
peoples to maintain their free institutions and their national identity
against aggressive movements that seek to impose on them totalitarian
regimes
adopted
containment
strategy
NATO
is
established to guarantee all nations will protect each other from soviet
powers
Marshall
Plan
called
for
Europeans to establish a plan to get back on their feet and we will
provide
assistance
great
outcomes,
helped rebuild German and Japanese economies, and establish armies
for self defense only
Korea:
The
First Major Test of Containment
N.
korea
attacked S. korea, which engaged the soviet union, china, and the US
after
WWII,
Korea was split and occupied by soviets in the north, and American
assistance in the South
soviet-inspired
General
MAcArthur
led the American charge, and came a little too close to China, which
urged some to join the North Koreans
McArthur
urged
the president and government to give the signal to attack China and end
the conflict completely
by
July,
1951 the fighting ceased, and brought many lessons for American policy
makers for the future course of the Cold war
defense
budget
increased after Korean war
convinced
the
American people that the soviet expansion was real
John
Lewis
Gaddis the real commitment to contain communism everywhere originated in
the events surrounding the korean war
The
Cold
War Consensus
communism
is
bad; capitalism is good
stability
is
desirable, instability threatens US interest
any
area
of the world that goes socialist or neutralist is a net loss to us and a
victory for the soviets
every
country,
particularly the poor ones will benefit from american know how
the
US
must provide leadership because it has that responsibility
violence
is
an unacceptable way to secure economic, social, and political justice-
except when vital US interests are at stake
the
government
must never admit being wrong
McCormick
Chapter 3:
After the Missile crises and the Vietnam War: Realism and Idealism in
Foreign Policy
Notes
by Rhett
Williams,
spring 2015
Cuban
Missile
Crisis
closest
Us
and soviets came to nuclear confrontation
soviets
sent
offensive missiles into Cuba
JFK
set
up a plan to get rid of the missiles
set
up
naval blockade to intercept further shipments
it
was
a bitter standoff between US and Soviets
the
soviets
agreed to remove missiles under UN supervision, if the US wouldnt try
and overthrow the Castro regime
set
up
3 lessons
brought
to
home the scares of nuclear annihilation
proved
that
rational policy making between the two was possible
brought
to
reality the fact that the US and soviets were going to be major
participants
in international relations for a long time, and mutual accommodations were
needed
Vietnam
involved
for
30 years starting at the end of WWII
from
Truman
to Ford
Ho
chi
minh communist regime
JFK
sent
troops to prevent the fall of south vietnam
Lyndon
Johnson
fully shifted the involvement from political to militaristic
Congress
approved
the Gulf of Tonkin resolution which authorized the president to take
all necessary measures in Asia
operation
rolling
thunder was an attempt to bring the vietcong to withdraw
Nixon
took
office after LBJ and reduced the number of troops in vietnam
cease
fire
was made in 1973, and called for American removal
the
end
of the fighting actually came two years later during Fords administration
with the fall of Saigon, and the final removal of all American personnel
Realism
and
Idealism as Foreign Policy Concepts
realism
the
nation
state is the primary actor in world politics
interest,
defined
as power, is the primary motivating force for the actions of states
the
distribution
or balance of power at any given time is the key concern of states
state
to
state relations shape how one nations responds to another
in
this
view, foreign policy is fraught with conflict, with each state seeking to
further its interests and warily monitoring the activities of others
idealism
the
nation
state is only one among many participants in foreign policy
values,
rather
than interests, are predominant in shaping foreign policy
the
distribution
of power is only one of many important values, with social,
economic, and military issues equally important
overall
global
conditions, not relationships, between states, should dominate foreign
policy thinking
cooperative
foreign
policy process, with joint efforts to face problems
Realism
and
the Nixon Administration
based
on
balance of power
two
important
points
bringing
china
back into the world community
a
more limited future role for the US in regional disputes
Nixon
Doctrine
peace
would
require a partnership with the rest of the world
peace
would
require strength to protect US national interests
peace
would
require a willingness to negotiate with all states to resolve differences
Henry
Kissinger
and World Order
Nixon's
secretary
of state
believed
there
was a lack of legitimate international order
the
most
important challenge confronting the US was to develop some concept of
order in a world which is bipolar militarily but multipolar politically
proposed
an
international order where stability was a fundamental goal, rather than
absolute peace
states
that
failed to respect the rights and interests of others would not go
unpunished
the
soviets
provided aid to Angola, and we reduced trade
by
having
all states accept the legitimacy of the rights and interest of all other
states, and by employing linkage, Kissinger believed that the United
States
could achieve global stability
Nixon-Kissinger
Worldview
in Operation
Sino-soviet-american
detente
agreements
and
pacts between various states urging global cooperation
combining
force
and diplomacy in instances like Cambodia
in
regards
to human rights, they chose global order
disregarded
Chilean
and Greek actions against human rights, but supported South Africa and
the apartheid
Idealism
and
the Carter Administration
run
for
presidency was based on making American foreign policy compatible with the
basic goodness of the American people
four
major
policy areas
emphasis
on
domestic values in foreign policy
improvement
of
relations with allies and resolution of regional conflicts
a
de-emphasis on the soviet union as the focus of US policy
the
promotion
of global human rights
importance
of
domestic values and moral principle to guide foreign affairs
the
US
would try to produce change, rather than impose it
believed
there
were limits to what the US could do in the world
Carter
and
Global Order: New States and Old Friends
carried
out
policy of global cooperation
a
lot of attention towards Latin America, africa, and asia
improve
relations
with western europe and japan
almost
shoved
the soviets aside, making them feel unimportant
required
that
states change their domestic human rights behavior if they wished amicable
relations with the US
The
Carter
Worldview in Operation
well
received
by the American public
faced
problems
with clearly defining human rights
promoted
political,
economic, and social rights of all individuals
the
administration
seemed to lose some of its enthusiasm for human rights
implementation
was
hard for the human rights campaign
was
the
US really willing to cut all diplomatic ties with countries allegedly
violation human rights
Resolving
Third
World conflicts
one
of
Carters biggest victories was returning the canal territory back to
Panamanian control
fostered
peace
between Israel and Jerusalem
these
accords
would have broken the impasse that had blocked the middle east peace
process (camp david) but the arabs rejected
Carter
Realism
in the Last Year
by
1979,
Carters foreign policy had become the subject of considerable criticism
on the grounds that it was inconsistent, incoherent, and a failure
in
1979,
Iran seized 63 americans, and became Carters biggest foreign policy
challenge
took
a
realist approach, because he believed national self interest was now most
important
this
change
in approach came back to hurt Carter, as they were held for 444 days,
and released a day after he left office
soviet
invasion
of afghanistan
adopted
a
series of responses to the soviet union over the invasion of afghanistan
high-technology
sales
to the soviet union were halted
soviet
fishing
privileges in American waters were restricted
a
grain embargo was imposed on the USSR
we
boycotted
the 1980 summer olympics in Moscow
McCormick
Chapter 4:
The Return and End of the Cold War: The Reagan and Bush
Administrations
Notes
by Rhett
Williams,
spring 2015
Realism
and
the Reagan Administration
different
foreign
policy course than predecessor, Carter
restoring
American
power
his
goal
was to be the revival of the national will to contain the Soviet union and
the restoration of confidence among friends that America was determined to
stop
communism
administration
accused
for having no coherent strategy for reaching its goals
secretary
of
state, Alexander Haig gave these four pillars
restoration
of
economic and military strength
reinvigoration
of
alliances and friendships
promotion
of
progress in the developing countries through peaceable changes
a
relationship with the soviet union characterized by restraint and
reciprocity
The
Reagan
Worldview in Operation
policy
towards
soviet union
sought
to
rally other states against soviets
attacked
them
as bankrupt and on the verge of collapse
called
for
producing and stockpiling the neuron bomb, which killed people but didnt
harm property
The
US
put intermediate missiles in Europe
3rd
world
policy
helped
in
El Salvador, against the communist movement fostered by the soviets
also
interceded
against the communist nicaraguan government, quoting the Truman
Doctrine, saying it was in protection to support the free peoples
sent
support
to Lebanon when attacked by Israel
in
the
3rd world sense, Reagan tried to deal with regional issues, but became
more
involved in local issues, making it incoherent foreign policy initiative
Policy
Change:
Accommodation with the Soviet Union
after
elected
for his second term, Reagans foreign policy stance changed, as he
looked to adopt much more accommodation with the soviets, which set the
stage
for the end of the cold war
a
change in policy stance of the American leadership
the
emergence
of new leadership and new thinking in the Soviet Union
the
domestic
realities of the arms race between the superpowers
new
secretary
of state, George Shultz changed the emphasis that policy must be more
flexible than it had been in the past
Gorbachev
was
elected in 1985, and brought new thinking to the communist party in Russia
perestroika-
restructuring
of soviet society in an effort to improve the economy
glasnost-
a
new openness and a movement toward greater democratization of the soviet
system
turned
away
from nuclear superiority, and turned to nuclear stability
both
the
US and Soviet governments were spending enormous amounts on their
militaries, and both presidents knew to keep the health of their economies
they
must cut back, and the arms race slowed
fireside
summit=
Reagan and Gorbachev met for the first time, didnt make any
agreements, but shared outlooks on arms race, human rights, economies
Intermediate
Nuclear
Force Treaty (INF)
most
important
manifestation of progress in soviet-american relations in Reagans
second term
called
for
the eliminations of all intermediate-range nuclear weapons within three
years and all medium-range nuclear weapons within eighteen months
Policy
Continuity:
The Reagan Doctrine and the Third World
Reagan
Doctrine:
supported
anti
communist movements in various locations around the world
unlike
the
US policy that focused on containing the expansion of communism, the
Reagan
Doctrine espoused providing assistance to groups fighting governments
that
have aligned themselves with the Soviet Union
several
anti-communist
movements across three continents received both covert and overt
American economic and military assistance and political encouragement
The
Iran-Contra
Affair, 1984-1986
best
illustration
of the Reagan Doctrine
2
problems
the
Sandinista
Government in Nicaragua (marxist)
the
Iranian
government responsible for holding 63 Americans hostage for 444 days
supported
the
Nicaraguan Contras fighting the communists, and enforced trade sanctions
in
Iran (particularly arms)
Congress
cut
off aid to Contras, and Reagan went back on trade embargos with Iran in
order to try and free captured Americans, and dissolve terrorist threats
both
of
these actions hurt the credibility of the administration and changed how
the
Reagan Doctrine was being carried out
Reagan
was
against the apartheid and practiced quiet diplomacy and he and the
Congress battled over embargoes and sanctions over the subject
Realism,
Pragmatism,
and the George H. Bush Administration
didnt
hold
a strong worldview like Reagan
initial
foreign
policy impulse leaned toward maintaining continuity with the recent
past rather than seeking change
with
the
end of the cold war, Bush had begun to modify American foreign policy away
from the anti communist principles of the past
attention
turned
to the middle east, with the Gulf War
Bush
was
a problem solver who worked well with those with whom he disagreed,
results are more important than ideological victory; results are the best
way
to achieve political success
actively
involved
in policy making, which carried over to foreign affairs
had
many
connections with leaders to due his 8 years as VP and was personal, which
led to putting together, and keeping together an anti-Iraq coalition
Approach
to
ending the cold war, and integrating the soviet union into the community
of
nations
soviets
must
change global commitments (such as support for Sandinista regime in
Nicaragua)
reducing
soviet
troops in Eastern Europe, and tearing down the Iron Curtain
must
work
closely with the West in addressing conflicts in C. America, southern
Africa, and the Middle east
must
demonstrate
commitment to political pluralism and human rights, as well as
joining the US in addressing global problems such as drug menace and
environmental dangers
practiced
pragmatism
and moderation in global affairs
got
the
soviets to help settle the Cambodian conflict
Germany
was
unified in 1990, with support of the Allies (US, France, Britain, USSR)
The
Collapse
of the Soviet Union
with
change
spreading through Eastern Europe, the soviet government was pressured
1991
coup
baltic
republics
achieved independence
efforts
were
made to institutionalize democratic political reforms and western-style
market reforms
pressure
for
greater autonomy and even independence
interested
spectator
in regards to the building of central europe...meaning the Bush
administration was encouraging change, but not trying to shape it directly
Malta
Summit
ended cold war between soviets and US
The
Search
for a New World Order
Bush
at
UN convention: a new era- freer from the threat of terror, stronger in
the
pursuit of justice, and more secure in the quest for peace, an era in
which the
nations of the world, East and West, North and South, can prosper and live
in
harmony
Persian
Gulf
War
Iraqi
president
Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait
bush
sent
150,000 troops in the Saudi area
withdraw
forces
from Kuwait
restoration
of
their own legitimate government
protection
of
American citizens in Iraq and Kuwait
security
and
stability in Persian Gulf
November
29,
1990 the UN security council issued resolution telling member states to
use all necessary means to uphold and implement its earlier resolutions
if
Iraqi forces didnt leave
this
mean
the use of deadly force
when
they
didnt leave, Congress gave the president the authority to use American
troops, as we sent 500,000 troops over, finally resulting in the Hundred
Hours
War as Kuwait was liberated
McCormick
Ch. 5
Foreign Policy after the Cold War and 9/11: The Clinton & Bush
Admins
Notes
by
Nolan
Clark,
spring 2015
Post-Cold
War
Foreign Policy: The Clinton Administration
Clinton
ran
for president with the theme of change after the Cold War
needed
a
new vision and the strength to meet a new set of opportunities and
threats
The
Values
and Beliefs of the Clinton Administration
foreign
policy
would be rooted in a clear set of principles derived from Americas
past, guided by a coherent and workable strategy
we
must
tear down the wall in our thinking between domestic and foreign policy
Clinton,
His
Foreign Policy Experience, and His Foreign Policy Advisors
Initially,
Clinton
was much more interested and knowledgeable in domestic policy rather
than foreign policy
Foreign
Policy
Advisors
Had
difficulty
developing policy and explaining it to the public
Second
Term
Clinton
had
become more engaged in foreign policy than 1st term
Clintons
foreign
policy team changed; contained much more experience.
The
Clinton
Admins Evolving Approaches to Foreign Policy
Phase
One:
Economic Engagement
First
priority
was to use the international system to foster economic prosperity
Domestic
Level
sought
to
develop the National Economic Council, which was created to revive
the American economy and make US workers and companies more productive and
competitive in the global market
International
Level
North
American
Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) eliminated tariffs on goods among the US, Canada and Mexico
World
Trade
Organization
(WTO) moved to cut tariffs worldwide by 85%, and would become the new
governing
organization to regulate global trade for the future
Phase
Two:
Democratic Engagement and Enlargement
The
administration
had embraced an even greater commitment to liberal
internationalism that it did initially
committed
the
US to global involvement and leadership in the aftermath of the Cold War
indicated
that
the US would act in the world either unilaterally or multilaterally on a
case-by-case basis
committed
the
US to use force when necessary
Strategy
of
Enlargement
to
strengthen
and expand market democracies worldwide
would
be
the post-Cold War successor to the policy of containment
sustained
economic
gains by democratic states would propel continued peaceful relations,
and democratic states would be equipped to peacefully pursue more open
markets
The
strategy
of enlargement proved to be an incomplete guide for responding to the
challenges facing the administration in 93-94
Phase
Three:
Selective Engagement
The
US
would seek cooperative ties with other states, build economic and security
institutions and support democracy and human rights
liberalizing
trading
order, building new security structure in Europe, working for
comprehensive peace in Middle East, halting the production of WMDs, and
combating international crime
USs
principal
objectives
to
enhance
our security with effective diplomacy and with military forces that are
ready to fight and win
to
bolster
Americas economic prosperity
to
promote
democracy abroad
Selective
Enlargement
US
would
now act on more narrowly drawn national, rather than global, interests
the
administration
would be more amenable to unilateral actions and would undertake
them only if necessary
US
would
be willing to use military force but would do so more carefully,
sparingly and only after clear criteria were met
the
goals
for US enlargement would focus less on remaking the international system
through the expansion of market democracies and more on stabilizing
relations
among key states
Implementing
Selective
Engagement
Presidential
Decision
Directive-25 (PDD-25)
specified
several
decision criteria for US involvement in UN operations
Administrations
actions
towards allies reflected renewed interest in security
started
several
peace initiatives to address traditional security concerns
undertook
at
least three actions to address the new dangers of WMD
Chemical
Weapons
Convention -- successful in Senate
Comprehensive
Test
Ban Treaty -- failed in Senate
National
Missile
Defense Act
key
states
now became the focal point of policy attention
supported
Yeltsin
regime in Russia
fostered
US-China
trade
The
Legacies
of the Clinton Administrations Foreign Policy
General
Legacies
Clinton
Administrations
commitment to maintaining America's involvement and leadership
in global affairs after the Cold War
expanded
role
for the president in foreign policy
extraordinary
impact
of domestic politics on foreign policy issues
the
limitations
of American actions during the selective engagement phase flowed in
large part from domestic politics
Specific
Legacies
the
placement
of global economic policy at the center of American foreign policy
stabilize
the
relationship between the US and its principal alliance partners
stabilize
the
relationship with China and Russia
the
US
would take the lead in conflict resolution
The
Values
and Beliefs of the Bush Administration
Mainly
came
into office seeking continuity if foreign policy
The
Commitment
to Continuity
getting
results
is more important that claiming ideological victory
more
interested
with relations between Soviet Union and China than Third World
nations
Bushs
Foreign
Policy Team
had
a
superb foreign policy team with very good pairs (Baker-Scowcroft)
always
agreed
with Bush and had similar mindset
Policy
Approach
of the Bush Administration
Bush
called
for policy review involving the entire foreign policy counsel
Policy
Review:
Initial Ideas and Proposals
wanted
to
integrate the new Soviet Union into the community of nations
Classical
Realism
and the Bush Approach
Classical
realism
based
on
several important assumptions about states and the state behavior that had
direct implications for the Bush Administrations initial foreign policy
approach
classical
realists
assume that states are the principal actors in foreign policy and that
actions between states trump any efforts to change behaviors within them
a
states interests are determined by its power relative to other nations
classical
realists
focus on managing relations among the major powers, as these are
likely to be the major threats to the international system
Bush
Administration
Bush
came
to office seeking to develop a distinctly American internationalism
Bush
made
it clear that a top priority would be to refurbish Americas alliances
around the world
Russia
and
China would be viewed more skeptically
hard
power
would be the preference for dealing with the international system
remaking
and
strengthening of the military would be a top priority
Impact
of
9/11
American
Public
was
the
first substantial attack on the American continent
fundamentally
and
attack on American civilians
the
terrorist
attack was the deadliest in American history
3000
killed,
compared to 1000 at Pearl Harbor
Congress
Senate
Joint
Resolution 23
authorized
the
president to use force against those who aided and participated in the
terrorist attack
USA
Patriot
Act
gave
executive
branch greater discretion in pursuing terrorist suspects and narrowed
some civil liberty protections
The
Department
of Homeland Security Act of 2002
President
Bush
assumed
new responsibility and was now a wartime president
Values
and
Beliefs of the Bush Admin: Post 9/11
Defense
Realism
/ Limited Idealism
Bush
admin
embraced idealism in foreign affairs
sought
to
promote common values within and across states
Multilateral
efforts
were pursued
broader,
more
universal security
Comprehensive
American
globalism
Sought
conflict
resolution in India and Pakistan
Formalizing
the
Bush Doctrine
Bush
Doctrine
strengthen
alliances
to defeat global terrorism and work to prevent attacks against us and
allies
work
with
others to defuse regional conflicts
prevent
threats
from enemies with WMD
ignite
new
era of global economic growth through free markets and free trade
develop
agendas
for cooperative action
transform
USs
national security institutions
McCormick
Ch. 6
Change and Continuity in Foreign Policy: The Obama
Administration
Notes
by
Justin Nolen, spring 2015
Obamas
Focus
on Foreign Affairs
Ending
Iraq
and Afghanistan wars and bringing troops home
He
and
his administration took a Liberal Internationalist Approach
This
promotes
democracies and individual freedoms.
Brings
people
together to talk about common problems.
International
law
and institutions have modernizing and civilizing effect on states.
Stay
involved
in global affairs and assist in bringing stability and order through
leadership efforts.
Policy
Review
Renew
Prosperity,
provide common security, and nuclear weapons.
Attempted
to
strengthen relations with Russia and Africa where he gave speeches in
both.
Clinton
stated
that this administration would be different because it would bring
countries together to talk foreign policy and find the best solutions
available, not always going to war.
National
Security
Strategy
Rebuild
America's
Economy as the basis for strong global leadership.
Commitment
to
living American values at home in order to show credibility abroad.
Reshaping
International
System to handle the problems of the 21st century.
Security,
Prosperity,
Values, and International Order
Goals
for
Worldview of U.S.
Improve
Americas
Global Image. (Mainly Muslim Countries)
Incorporating
Domestic
Values in Foreign Policy. (Close Guantanamo)
Addressing
Security
Issues
Iraq
(Ending
American Combat Operations)
Afghanistan
(Putting
a stronger focus on Terrorism within the country)
North
Korea
(Waging to stop the test of Nuclear Weapons)
Iran
(Waging
to stop the use of nuclear fuel)
Confronting
the
Israeli- Palestinian Conflict
The
negotiations
of the two countries had been at a standstill but Obama promised
to assist them in anyway possible to open negotiations back up and to find
peace.
Restarting
Relations
with Russia
After
a
misunderstanding with the Bush administration at where the missiles in
Czech
Poland were facing, the Obama administration decided to have a ten year
deployment plan of these missiles
Stabilizing
Ties
with China and Redirecting Attention to Asia-Pacific
Develop
a
positive relationship with China and support the peaceful rise as a global
power while fighting the way they treat their people.
Continue
to
aid the Asia Pacific region which will increase world powers (China,
India,
Indonesia) and create more allies.
Initiating
Global
Common Issue
Nonproliferation-
Putting
an end to nuclear weapons .
Financial
Reform-
Standardizing banking regulations to create a better worldwide economy.
Climate
Change-
Setting goals for developed and developing countries on emissions.
Criticisms
of
Obama Approach
Policies
dont
represent real change.
Opposed
the
USA Patriot Act and then renewed his belief in it through his actions in
Afghanistan by fighting terrorism.
Troubled
by
the direction of the policies
Failure
to
stop nuclear weapons in Iran
His
approach
to foreign policy can look consequentialist
Response
to
every threat
McCormick
Ch 7. The
President and The Making of Foreign Policy
Notes
by
Justin Nolen, spring 2015
Commander-In-Chief
President
Obama
used his power as commander-in-chief in March 2011 to send troops in
Libya
This
was
due to the a humanitarian crisis in Libya caused by the leader Gadhafi.
President
Bush
used this same power as commander-in-chief in March 2003 to send troops
into Iraq
This
was
to protect the Iraqi people and take the lethal weapons out of Hussiens
hands.
President
Ford
believed Congress was too big and decisive to handle foreign policy.
Presidential
Powers
(Foreign Policy)
Chief
Executive
Make
executive
decisions such as executive orders which usually deal with foreign
affairs.
Commander-In-Chief
Lead
the
Military
Chief
Diplomat
Make
treaties,
appoint and accept other ambassadors and ministers.
Congressional
Powers
(Foreign Policy)
Appropriate
Funds
All
money
coming out of the Treasury has to be done by approved by the Congress.
Declare
War
War
has
to be declared by the congress because they have the right to prepare for
the national defense.
Has
the
right to be heard on negotiation of treaties
Regulate
International
Commerce
This
has
not only to do with the giving of money to other countries but also trade.
Early
Years
of the Country
The
early
presidents were independent from Congress in making their foreign policy
decisions
The
presidents
were Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison.
Andrew
Jackson
relied on Congresses help with foreign policy decisions
This
lasted
until Lincoln took office and he wanted a civil war to unify the US.
Many
feel
that Lincoln overstepped his executive powers to get change.
After
the
Civil War was known as the Golden age of congressional ascendancy
After
WWII
many precedents were set on how the president would have foreign policy
control and it really hasnt waivered since.
Every
President
has defended their claims in citing the Commander-in-chief clause.
Basically,
throughout
history we see a struggle with executive and legislative power with
foreign policy. Many times this power has had dominance on both sides but
now
it seems to be on the side of neutrality because the president will make
and
executive order and congress will put up a blockade to stop it.
I.E.
President
Obama trying to close Guantanamo Bay and Congress delaying the
process by blocking housing projects to release the detainees too.
Supreme
Court
Cases
Throughout
time
some supreme court decisions have supported executive power in foreign
policy
Curtiss-Wright,
Missouri v.
Holland, Belmont and Pink,
These
cases
created precedents for executive power and weakened the role of Congress
Other
Supreme
Court decisions have challenged executive power in foreign policy
Yougnstown
Sheet &Tube Co. v.
Sawyer, New Yourk Times v. U.S., U.S. v. Nixon, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld,
Hamdan v.
Rumsfeld, and Boumediene v. Bush
In
these
cases it has been seen that they have been less involved in reducing
executive power and more involved with maintaining American freedoms.
Supremes
Court
Nonrulings which have supported the President
Usually
these
cases have to do with the president in a very direct way such as: Campbell
v. Clinton, Dellums v. Bush, and
Lowry v. Reagan.
These
cases
usually reinforce the executive actions that have come before.
Executive
Institutions
CIA,
Department
of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Council
These
all
came about as apart of the National Security Act of 1947.
Agency
for
International Development, Control and Disarmament Agency, and U.S. Trade
Representative.
These
came
about after WWII.
Department
of
Homeland Security and Homeland Security Council
These
came
about after 9/11
In
the state of emergency the
President can act more quickly and efficiently than the Congress giving it
the
upper hand in Foreign Policy.
McCormick
Ch. 8 Congressional
Prerogatives and the Making of Foreign Policy
Notes
by
Justin Nolen, spring 2015
Bricker
Amendment
Any
treaty
or executive agreement that infringed on the constitutional rights of
American citizens be considered unconstitutional and any legislation could
be
put in place by congress to implement an executive agreement.
Case-Zablocki
Act
Required
the
executive branch to report all international agreements to congress within
60 days of entering into force.
Executive
Agreements
Review Act of 1975 said that both houses of Congress had the right
of disapproval of executive agreements that involve national commitments.
Treaty
Powers
Resolution said that the Senate could refuse funding if they felt that
an agreement should have been a treaty.
War
Powers
Gulf
of
Tonkin Resolution allowed president a free hand in conducting the Vietnam
War
This
was
repealed by congress
Provisions
of
the War Power Resolution (WPR)
Introduce
armed
force only when declaring war, specific statutory authorization, or
national
emergency created by attack of the homeland.
Shall
consult
with congress before forces are sent and until their removal.
When
a
declaration is not introduced by troops are deployed the president must
submit a written report within 48 hours.
Without
a
declaration of war American forces are not to be deployed more than 60
days.
An extension of 30 days is possible
Congress
can
pull the troops at in time immediately.
Presidential
Compliance
Different
Presidents
have reported more than others on military activities.
This
also
has to deal with the militaries activity and foreign tension during a
Presidential term.
Clinton
filed
the most with 60 reports
Nixon
had
no reports; Carter filed 2 reports
Obama
filed
11 reports; George W. Bush filed 39.
Continuing
Controversies
Failure
to
Fully Comply
President
have
yet to fully comply to all the provision of the War Power Resolution.
Failure
to
Report
Presidents
continually
leave congress out of the loop on not reporting the deployment of
more troops into a certain area of the world.
Failure
to
Consult
Congress
feels
that the president has not consulted with them deeply enough on the using
military forces.
Reforming
or
Repealing the WPR
Every
President
since Nixon has challenged the constitutionality of the WPR.
The
WPR
has improved communication between President and Congress in the use of
military force and deployment and has prevented long-term military force
without approval from congress.
Controlling
the
Purse Strings
Congress
has
the funding power.
This
has
reduced military involvement abroad
Stopped
Covert
actions in the 3rd world.
Allowed
congressional
review of the sale of weapons and nuclear fuel to other countries
Limited
the
transfer of U.S. economic and military assistance to countries.
Cutting
Off
and Conditioning Funding
Congress
has
been known to cut funding for things that it opposes.
I.E.
Congress
cut funding to provide mainland facilities for the detainees at
Guantanamo.
Earmarking
of
Funds
Specific
amounts
of foreign aid for individual countries.
These
funds
are given to countries that need the money and do good for the U.S. such
as fight against terrorism or need help creating democracy. (Afghanistan)
Specifying
Trade
and Aid Requirements
1970s
Legislation
Jackson
Vanik
Amendment- grant a most-favored-nation status to countries who supported
emigration and did not impose a tax or penalty. (Soviet Union was not
granted)
Nelson
Bingham
Amendment- this allowed congressional review of an arms sale to another
country within a 20 day period and totalling 25 million or more.
1990
and
beyond Legislation.
Freedom
Support
Act- Provide Economic assistance to former states of the USSR
Nunn-Lungar
Amendment-
Newly emerging global threat of loose nukes.
Horn
of
Africa Recovery and Food Security Act of 1992 - the president had to
certify
that the recipient government had implemented peace, demonstrated human
rights
and democracy.
Expansion
of
Reporting Requirements to Congress
President
must
file a written report on how foreign policy was carried out.
Periodic
Reporting(In
certain time periods), Notification(Use of Military force), and
One Time Reports(Particular Issue)
Senate
Foreign
Relations Committee
Constitutional
and
Oversight Responsibilities- monitoring foreign affairs and consent on
treaties and nominations
Committees
Leadership-
Richard Lugar(1980s) Jesse Helms(1990s) Joe Biden(2000s)
House
Committee
of Foreign Affairs
Played
important
role in formulation and review of foreign policy.
Armed
Services
Committees in the House and Senate.
Examines
legislative
policy on foreign affairs.
Congressional
Oversight:
The Recent Record
Oversight
has
seen a decline especially throughout the Bush administration because Bush
failed to share information and administration officials failed to testify
before relevant committees
Legislation:
Substantive
and Procedural
Substantive-
Very
rare and hardly approved from the Kennedy administration onward.
Procedural-
Is
the way in which the Congress has oversight on war powers like the
WPR.
Non
Legislative
Actions: Institutional and Individual Actions
Institutional
Actions-
Hearings held by committees that check the executive branch on things
such as American Policy in Afghanistan.
Individual
Actions-
Newsletters, Letters to the President, talk radio, working directly
with other governments, and halting the presidents actions through court
orders.
Degree
of
Change
A
sense of Tug-of-War has broken about due to the ending of the cold war on
foreign policy.
A
change was made after September 11 2001 and it was for the best for George
W.
Bush.
We
have
seen a change here recently with the struggle that Obama has faced with
closing Guantanamo Bay.
Congressional
Reform
and Policy Impact
Public
Record
has not been pushed therefore many things go as classified.
Congressional
reform
on the issues of the struggle of power that has come about due to
foreign policy have been infrequent.
Escape
Clauses-
The President can push anything through if he feels that it is in the
best interest of National Security.
Legislative
Veto
was declared unconstitutional
Still
perceives
limits on how far congress should go in influencing and restricting
foreign affairs.
McCormick, Ch. 10, The Military and
Intelligence
Bureaucracies
These
notes only cover the second section of the chapter.
The
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)
Notes
by M. Blair Casebere, Spring 2015
JCS:
the Chief of staff of the Army,
the Chief of staff of the Air Force, the chief of Naval Operations, the
commandant of the Marine Corps, and a vice-chairman and chairman.
Responsibility
is:
to a.) recommend to the president (pres.) and secretary of defense (sod)
the military requirements of the US and the how those requirements are to
be
met, b.) provide them with strategic planning and c.) too coordinate the
use of
those forces if necessary.
The
greatest
hindrances that make the JCS probably less effective in policy than the
civilian side of the Pentagon are 1.) they have only had a
mixed favor from pres.s and sod.s since 1947for example (ex:)
Pres. Kennedy lost his whatever confidence he had in the JCS
after what he perceived as bad advice on the Bay of Pigs
invasion in 1961and 2.) the fact that each
joint chiefs commitment to his own service has reduced the JCSs
combined impact.
Divided loyalties also produce policy differences, which lead to
compromise
recommendations with a lack of support by all services.
Policy-making
Reform
The
Defense Reorganization Act (1986)/Goldwater-Nichols
Reorganization Act made
key changes that changed the power and authority of the JCS.
These
changes
consisted of
1.)
Give more
power to the chairman in policy formulation and recommendations.
The
chairman,
not the JCS, was designated as the presidents primary military adviser,
responsible for providing the executive with a range of military advice on
any
matter requested.
2.)
Change the
command structure.
The
unified
Combat Commands (those who are responsible for coordinating the four armed
forces) gained greater authority.
Since
then, 6
regional commands and four functional commands have come into existence;
and
the CINCs have become highly influential in military operations and,
sometimes,
in policy.
In
short, the
chairman of the Joint Chiefs had begun to play a more central role in
policy making.
However,
Joint
Chief Staff chairmen, General Henry Hugh Shelton, General Richard Myers,
and General Peter Pace, did not achieve the policy-making impact of their
immediate predecessors.
Shelton
was
not a key player in the tragedies of 9/11, nor were General Myers or
General
Pace.
The
reduced
role of these JCS chairs produced considerable criticism of the Bush
administration (admin) for undermining the military-civilian relationship
within the Pentagon.
The
issue
emerged of whether the military,
including the JCS, had been too deferential to civilian leadership over
operational matters such as military expertise.
General
Myers
and his co-author, Richard Kohn, disputed the change that the
administration
overruled the military on tactics, contending that there was only the
normal
pulling and hauling between the participants on policy agenda and its
direction.
Although
the Goldwater-Nichols Act generally benefited
the JCS, it also significantly benefited from the CINCs.
Military
officials
heading the regional commands around the world assumed a larger role
in policy formulation and implementation.
In
this they
were aided by the decline of State Department influence through continuous
budget cuts and the attribution of staff and through the diminished role
of the
service chiefs of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
Goldwater-Nichols
also benefited the Joint
Staff because the JS works directly for the chairman of the JCS.
In
all,
uniform military officials play a large role in the shaping and
implementing of
policy, and the Goldwater-Nichols reforms
were important in bringing that about.
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